The Ancient Egyptians may have used the names "Followers" and "Ennead" in the prognosis texts of the Calendar of Lucky and Unlucky Days of papyrus Cairo 86637. The Babylonian star catalogues name the Pleiades MULMUL ( 𒀯𒀯), meaning "stars" (literally "star star"), and they head the list of stars along the ecliptic, reflecting the fact that they were close to the point of vernal equinox around the 23rd century BC. The earliest-known depiction of the Pleiades is likely a Northern German Bronze Age artifact known as the Nebra sky disk, dated to approximately 1600 BC.
Galileo's drawings of the Pleiades star cluster from Sidereus Nuncius They are also mentioned three times in the Bible. In Hinduism, the Pleiades are known as Kṛttikā and are scripturally associated with the war-god Kartikeya but the Hindus celebrate the first day (new moon) of the month of Kartik as Diwali, a festival of abundance and lamps. They have been known since antiquity to cultures all around the world, including the Celts ( Welsh: Tŵr Tewdws, Irish: Streoillín), Hawaiians (who call them Makaliʻi ), Māori (who call them Matariki), Indigenous Australians (from several traditions), the Achaemenid Empire, whence in Farsi (who called them پروین Parvīn or پروی Parvī), the Arabs (who call them الثريا al-Thurayya ), the Chinese (who called them 昴 mǎo), the Quechua (who call them Qullqa or the storehouse), the Japanese (who call them Subaru ( 昴, スバル)), the Maya, the Aztec, the Sioux, the Kiowa, and the Cherokee. The Pleiades are a prominent sight in winter in the Northern Hemisphere, and are easily visible from mid-Southern latitudes. On the reverse, the Seven Sisters (Pleiades) are represented, according to an ancient story of Australian Indigenous tradition. Folklore and mythology ġ dollar commemorative silver coin issued in 2020 by the Royal Australian Mint. In reality, the name of the star cluster almost certainly came first, and Pleione was invented to explain it. However, in mythology the name was used for the Pleiades, seven divine sisters, the name supposedly deriving from that of their mother Pleione and effectively meaning "daughters of Pleione". It probably derives from plein ("to sail") because of the cluster's importance in delimiting the sailing season in the Mediterranean Sea: "the season of navigation began with their heliacal rising". The name of the Pleiades comes from Ancient Greek: Πλειάδες. Together with the open star cluster of the Hyades, the Pleiades form the Golden Gate of the Ecliptic. Astronomers estimate that the cluster will survive for about another 250 million years, after which it will disperse due to gravitational interactions with its galactic neighborhood. Ĭomputer simulations have shown that the Pleiades were probably formed from a compact configuration that resembled the Orion Nebula. This dust cloud is estimated to be moving at a speed of approximately 18 km/s relative to the stars in the cluster.
Reflection nebulae around the brightest stars were once thought to be left over material from their formation, but are now considered likely to be an unrelated dust cloud in the interstellar medium through which the stars are currently passing.
The cluster is dominated by hot blue luminous stars that have formed within the last 100 million years. It is also observed to house the reflection nebula NGC 1432, an HII region. It is the nearest Messier object to Earth, and is the most obvious cluster to the naked eye in the night sky. At a distance of about 444 light years, it is among the nearest star clusters to Earth. ə d iː z, ˈ p l eɪ-, ˈ p l aɪ-/), also known as The Seven Sisters, Messier 45 and other names by different cultures, is an asterism and an open star cluster containing middle-aged, hot B-type stars in the north-west of the constellation Taurus. See also: Open cluster, List of open clusters A color-composite image of the Pleiades from the Digitized Sky SurveyĤ44 ly on average (136.2☑.2 pc)
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